BOOP :: essays research papers

Bronchiolitis Obliterans Organizing Pneumonia: BOOP   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The characteristic of organizing pneumonia is the appearance of granulized tissue in the distal bronchioles. BOOP can be classified by 1) its cause 2) the cause is undetermined 3) its cryptogenic organizing pneumonia (idiopathic type). About one-half of all cases of BOOP are idiopathic. BOOP on x-ray can also be confused with chronic eosiniphillic pneumonia (CEP). The difference between the two is that BOOP has consolidation in the lower lobes of the lung and CEP consolidation is found in the upper lobes. The definitive diagnosis of BOOP comes down to tissue biopsy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Conditions that cause BOOP are radiation therapy, infections, drugs/toxins, connective tissue disease, immuno-supressed states, and miscellaneous conditions. The radiation therapy causes BOOP when there is a cancer in the bronchi or breast cancer and the ipsilateral lung develops BOOP. The only common type of infection that causes BOOP is pseudomonas aeruginosa. The other types are coxiella burnetili, mycoplasma, pneumocystis carinii, influenza A, measles, HIV, Chlamydia, plasmodium and parvovirus B19. When BOOP occurs in conjunction with drugs/toxins the common drug causes are minocin, cephalasporins, acebutolol, sulfasalazine, macrodantin, cordarone, tegretol, Dilantin, and betapace. The toxins include L-tryptophan ingestion, sauropus androgynous vegetable poisoning, gold, paint aerosols, nylon flock worker’s and silo filler’s disease, free-base cocaine, and smoke inhalation. Connective tissue diseases include rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spond ylitis, ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, systemic lupus, biliary cirrhosis and thyroiditis. The immuno suppressed causes are commonly due to organ transplantation, cancer, ARDS and AIDS. One of the miscellaneous causes of BOOP is menstrual and pregnancy related. Clinically, BOOP affects ages 40-70 but has been reported in children. The course commonly follows a flu-like symptoms, illness lasting 1-4months with persistent non productive cough, dyspnea on exertion, low grade pyrexia, malaise and weight loss. BOOP can be assumed over pneumonia when there is no response to antibiotics, there are lung crepitations, and PFT will show a restrictive pattern with decreased DLCO and exercise related hypoxemia. Chest x-ray is a good indicator but CT scan is more concise. The only treatment for BOOP are steroids and all other therapies are supportive (i.e. Oxygen, ventilator).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bronchoscopy is a common procedure when BOOP is suspected. When a biopsy is taken there is usually an increase in the normal amount of lymphs 20-40%, eosinophils 5%, neutrophils 10% and macrophages present.

Analysis for Costa Coffee Essay

A well-recognized and wide-accepted brand image is one of the most valuable assets of the company. (Aaker, 1991). Costa Coffee has a welcoming and comforting brand image; however, the promotion of this brand image is at a disadvantage compared with its biggest rival Starbucks. In order to reverse the weakness into its strength, Costa Coffee needs to keep improving its brand image and brand awareness. Costa Coffee founded Costa Foundation, which is a charity aiming to offer long-term support especially in education for the coffee-growing farmers and their communities. Thus, Costa Coffee could strengthen its publicity of its efforts in sustaining the vulnerable group. By continue to maintain its social responsibility which could have  reflected its â€Å"responsible† image to the whole public, it would help Costa Coffee gain more reputation and build a better brand image. Launch new products One of the weaknesses of Costa Coffee is its fixed menu and the blank page of new product webpage. Compared to Starbucks and other cafà © shops, having limited choices on the menu would pose a disadvantage to Costa Coffee. The new products might not always attracted to all customers; however, those new products could draw people’s attention and encourage them to come into store and purchase which could be a way of promoting the brand to the public. Create new products and presenting it regular would help Costa Coffee appeal to more potential customers.In the same time, it would also help to create an image that Costa Coffee are trying their best to satisfy their consumers. Cooperate with universities – Costa campus stores or Bring Costa express into campus Costa Express machines have won the hearts of the purchasers as the self-serve coffee machines. As the success of launching Costa Express, Costa Coffee should grab the chance and continue exploiting this opportunity making it to its advantage. Cooperating with other organizations and co-operations would add its consumer base and in the same time it is a lower-risk approach for its further growing. Building campus-based Costa Coffee shops or introducing Costa express into teaching and living areas is a convenient way for students and teaching staff getting their coffee. Besides, it also could increase the probability for more customers to familiar with the Costa Coffee brand itself. Partner with universities allows Costa Coffee better targeting student customers who have the greatest potential to become Costa’s loyal customers in the long run. Reference Aaker, D.A. (1991, Managing Brand Equity: Capitalizing on the Value of a Brand Name, The Free Press,New York, NY.

Conjugating Irregular German Strong Verbs